Space Nuts

Space Nuts: Lunar Cycles, Coastal Flooding, and Cosmic Celebrations #481Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson as they delve into the intriguing intersection of lunar cycles and climate change, and special guest Anna, the host of Astronomy Daily the Podcast, pops in with heartwarming holiday celebrations aboard the International Space Station, part of a quick news update. This episode promises a mix of scientific insights and festive cheer from the cosmos.Episode Highlights:- Lunar Cycle and Coastal Flooding: Discover how the Moon's 18.6-year cycle, combined with climate change, may lead to increased coastal flooding by the mid-2030s. Understand the astronomical and environmental factors contributing to this phenomenon and the potential impact on low-lying regions.- Holiday Spirit in Space: Experience the festive atmosphere aboard the International Space Station as astronauts share their unique holiday celebrations, complete with floating candy canes and a creatively crafted snowman.- Ancient Galactic Twin: Learn about the James Webb Space Telescope's latest discovery of a galaxy that mirrors the Milky Way in its infancy. This "Firefly Sparkle" galaxy offers unprecedented insights into our cosmic past and the formation of star clusters.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube, YouTube Music, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Andrew Dunkley welcomes astronomer at large Professor Fred Watson to the show01:25 - NASA warns that when combined with climate change, high tides could reach flooding thresholds09:22 - I find the influence of the moon on our waterways fascinating10:21 - Anna news update: The International Space Station is celebrating the holidays with a festive video message11:52 - The James Webb Space Telescope has just discovered an ancient galaxy called Firefly sparkle14:59 - Anna shares stories about holiday celebrations in space and ancient galaxy discoveries✍️ Episode ReferencesNASA[NASA](https://www.nasa.gov/)International Space Station[International Space Station](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html)James Webb Space Telescope[James Webb Space Telescope](https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/)University of Hawaii[University of Hawaii](https://www.hawaii.edu/)Astronomy Daily[Astronomy Daily](https://astronomydaily.io)Wellesley College[Wellesley College](https://www.wellesley.edu/)Space Nuts Podcast[Space Nuts Podcast](https://www.bitesz.com/show/space-nuts/)Astronomy Daily Podcast[Astronomy Daily Podcast](https://astronomydaily.io)Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode: Dyson Spheres, Dark Matter, and Time Distortions #480Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in the final fresh episode of the year as they tackle intriguing questions from listeners around the globe. From the mysteries of Dyson spheres to the enigmatic effects of dark matter and the curious nature of time distortion, this Q&A edition is packed with cosmic conundrums and insightful discussions.Episode Highlights:- Dyson Spheres and Stellar Light: Explore the concept of Dyson spheres and their impact on planetary light and life. Uncover the truth about these megastructures and how they might affect solar systems.- Dark Matter's Gravitational Pull: Delve into the hypothetical scenario of encountering a glob of dark matter in space. Understand the gravitational effects and whether a spaceship could be ensnared by dark matter's invisible clutches.- Black Holes and Time-Space Switch: Investigate the theory that space and time swap roles beyond a black hole's event horizon. Consider the implications of this switch on the nature of escape and time travel.- Time Distortion Without Gravity: Contemplate the possibility of time distortion occurring independently of gravity. Examine the connection between time, gravity, and acceleration as proposed by Einstein's theories.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast for extended commercial-free episodes and more. Visit our Support page for options: spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This is our final regular Space Nuts episode of the year01:45 - If a Dyson sphere surrounds a star, how does the planet get light09:00 - Andrew Dunkley: Can dark matter be thrown out of a galaxy12:38 - Fred from Sweden has yet another question about black holes14:35 - There's a nice question on um, the physics stack exchange16:23 - Buddy from Oregon asks question about time distortion and gravity21:36 - Fred did a search on Google about the biggest astronomy stories of 202423:45 - We'll be digging up stories from the archives over the next few weeks24:54 - Andrew Dunkley thanks Professor Fred Watson✍️ Episode ReferencesDyson Sphere[Dyson Sphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere)Science Magazine[Science Magazine](https://www.sciencemag.org/)Square Kilometre Array[Square Kilometre Array](https://www.skatelescope.org/)Contact (Movie)[Contact (1997)](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118884/)RAVE Project[RAVE Project](https://www.rave-survey.org/)Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

This episode is brought to you with the support of Incogni...the best way to cleanup your privacy online and remain that way. To get our special 60% off offer, visit www.incogni.com/spacenutsSpace Nuts Episode: Stink in Space, Sombrero Galaxy, and Dark Energy Revelations #479Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson as they explore the latest cosmic events in this entertaining episode of Space Nuts. From a mysterious odour aboard the International Space Station to stunning images of the Sombrero Galaxy and groundbreaking theories on dark energy, this episode is packed with stellar insights and astronomical wonders.Episode Highlights:- International Space Station's Stinky Situation: Discover the unexpected odour that caused astronauts to temporarily seal off a recently docked Russian supply ship. Explore the potential causes and the measures taken to ensure the crew's safety.- Sombrero Galaxy's New Look: Marvel at the breathtaking mid-infrared images of the Sombrero Galaxy captured by the James Webb Space Telescope. Learn about the intricate details revealed in the galaxy's dusty rings and the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.- Dark Energy's New Twist: Delve into the latest research suggesting that dark energy might not be constant, challenging our understanding of the universe's expansion. Consider the implications of this potential paradigm shift in cosmology.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on Facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a review, message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast for extended commercial-free episodes and more. Visit our Support page for options: spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.For our special NordVPN deal, visit www.bitesz.com/nordvpn00:00 - Andrew Dunkley hosts Space Nuts, where we talk astronomy and space science01:08 - Professor Fred Watson will be doing archival episodes over the Christmas New Year period03:02 - Bad smell coming from Russian spacecraft docking with International Space Station09:01 - Arthur Dent. What a name. Only Douglas Adams could think up a name like that09:24 - Andrew Dunkley says odour on International Space Station could be anything11:09 - Incogni is a way of cleaning up your online presence13:17 - James Webb telescope has taken a marvellous mid infrared image of galaxy18:32 - The James Webb Space Telescope is seeking 78,000 hours of observing time24:54 - Andrew Dunkley and Fred Watson discuss the accelerating expansion of the universe32:25 - Fred Watson: This could indicate new physics that we don't yet understand✍️ Episode ReferencesSpace.com[https://www.space.com](https://www.space.com)Phys.org[https://www.phys.org](https://www.phys.org)Incogni[https://www.incogni.com/spacenuts](https://www.incogni.com/spacenuts)Bytes.com[https://www.bytes.com](https://www.bytes.com)Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode #478 Q&AJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A edition of Space Nuts as they tackle intriguing questions from listeners worldwide. From the massive size of Jupiter to the nature of gravity and the mysteries of the universe's accelerating expansion, this episode is packed with cosmic conundrums and insightful discussions.Episode Highlights:- Jupiter's Massive Growth: Dive into the fascinating story of why Jupiter grew to such a colossal size compared to other planets. Explore the role of gas accretion, planetesimals, and the runaway growth effect in shaping the largest planet in our solar system.- The Nature of Gravity: Examine the intriguing question of whether gravity is finite or infinite. Discover the complexities of gravitational waves, the stiffness of Space, and how these concepts influence our understanding of gravity's reach.- The Night Sky in Earth's Early Era: Imagine standing on Earth when it first formed and ponder what the night sky would have looked like. Understand how the universe's expansion and the redshift of the Big Bang's light affect our cosmic view.- The Fate of Comets: Consider the life cycle of comets and whether they can lose enough material to become nothing. Learn about the trails of dust left behind and their connection to meteor showers.- Solar Panels at Night: Explore the possibility of generating solar power at night using light from stars and the moon. Delve into the limitations of current technology and the potential for future innovations.- The Universe's Accelerating Expansion: Discuss the acceleration of the universe's expansion and whether it is constant or variable. Contemplate the implications for our understanding of dark energy and the structure of the universe.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This is a Q and A episode where we let the audience set the agenda01:19 - Why did Jupiter grow to such a massive size compared to other planets07:30 - Dean in Queensland has a question about whether gravity is infinite or finite12:00 - Dean: We really don't understand gravity. Well, it'll be when quantum gravity really comes of age13:50 - Professor Fred Watson answers a few quick fire questions via text message14:22 - Given the night sky seems fairly full of stars to the naked eye today18:26 - Could you develop solar panels that work at night by collecting energy from other stars20:04 - Daniel asks whether the rate of acceleration is constant or ever so slightly variable25:49 - The Space Nuts podcast group Facebook page has thousands of members✍️ Episode ReferencesScientific American article on Jupiter's growthhttps://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-was-jupiters-rapid-growth-spurt-delayed-for-millions-of-years/Nature Astronomy journalhttps://www.nature.com/natastron/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode: Ryugu's Microbial Mystery, Martian Moon Origins, and Galactic CollisionsJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson as they explore the latest cosmic revelations. From unexpected microbial contamination of Richie asteroid samples to a groundbreaking theory on the formation of Mars's moons, and the first results from a new instrument on the William Herschel Telescope, this episode is packed with stellar insights and astronomical wonders.Episode Highlights:- Richie Asteroid Contamination: Delve into the challenges of keeping extraterrestrial samples free from Earth's microbes. Despite stringent sterilisation efforts, Richie samples returned by Hayabusa2 show signs of terrestrial contamination, raising questions about planetary protection protocols.- Martian Moons' New Origin Theory: Discover a fresh perspective on how Phobos and Deimos may have formed. A new model suggests that these moons originated from debris of an asteroid that broke apart due to Mars's gravitational forces, offering an alternative to previous impact and capture theories.- Galactic Collisions Unveiled: Explore the first findings from the WEAVE instrument on the William Herschel Telescope. By studying Stefan's Quintet, astronomers reveal the staggering speeds of shock waves from colliding galaxies, shedding light on cosmic interactions and future Milky Way-Andromeda collision scenarios.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast for extended commercial-free episodes and more. Visit our Support page for options: spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Andrew Dunkley: Coming up on this edition of Space Nuts01:15 - This episode will be officially released two days after your 800th birthday02:29 - Justin Jackson says Ryugu samples show effort to keep them clean has failed12:12 - If that can happen in a room that's designed not to allow it12:47 - New theory put forward about origin of moon's phobos and Deimos21:22 - Andrew Dunkley says spherical potatoes could be useful in space missions22:46 - Fred looks at an instrument connected to the William Herschel telescope26:45 - Professor Gavin Dalton has been working on the William Herschel Telescope31:30 - We've got similar collision speeds as Andromeda.✍️ Episode ReferencesImperial College London[imperial.ac.uk](https://www.imperial.ac.uk/)Meteoritics and Planetary Science Journal[wiley.com](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19455100)phys.org[phys.org](https://phys.org/)Durham University[durham.ac.uk](https://www.dur.ac.uk/)NASA Spaceflight[nasaspaceflight.com](https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/)JAXA (Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency)[jaxa.jp](https://www.jaxa.jp/)William Herschel Telescope[ing.iac.es](http://www.ing.iac.es/astronomy/telescopes/wht/)Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes[ing.iac.es](http://www.ing.iac.es/)Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts #476 Q&A: Gravitational Waves, Space Stations, and Ultra Massive Black HolesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A edition of Space Nuts as they tackle intriguing questions from listeners worldwide. From the curious nature of gravitational waves to the feasibility of a dual orbiting space station, and the mystery of ultra massive black holes, this episode is full of cosmic conundrums and insightful discussions.Episode Highlights:- Gravitational Waves Conundrum: Explore whether gravitational waves can reflect or refract like light or sound waves. Understand the unique nature of these quadrupole waves and how they interact with the fabric of Space.- Orbiting Space Stations: Delve into the concept of a space station orbiting both Earth and the Moon in a figure 8 pattern. Discuss the challenges of such an endeavour and its potential impact on lunar missions.- China's Satellite Constellations: Examine the implications of China's new satellite constellation and the efforts to reduce their visibility, similar to SpaceX's Starlink.- Ultra Massive Black Holes: Investigate the possibility of ultra massive black holes residing in cosmic voids and their potential role in the universe's large-scale structure.- Spacesuit Compatibility Issues: Understand the challenges faced by astronauts due to incompatible spacesuits between Boeing's Starliner and SpaceX's Dragon capsule.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders for commercial-free episodes and more, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutTo check out a couple of our sponsors visit NordVPN and OldGloryStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This edition of Space Nuts will focus on gravitational waves01:28 - Colin asks is there any evidence that gravitational waves reflect or refract06:25 - Is it possible to have a space station orbiting both Earth and the moon09:39 - With China adding a new, currently visible satellite constellation, are discussions being had13:39 - Professor Fred Watson answers audience questions in Q and A edition19:55 - Your final question reflects on an issue we spoke about recently21:09 - Mark asks about spacesuit compatibility between Boeing Starliner and SpaceX Dragon26:51 - If you have questions for us, please send them through via our website✍️ Episode ReferencesSpaceXhttps://www.spacex.com/Starlinkhttps://www.starlink.com/Apollo 8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8Artemis Programmehttps://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis/International Space Station (ISS)https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.htmlUSA Todayhttps://www.usatoday.com/Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/copuos/index.html Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 475: Skynet's Secret, Rocket Dreams, and Magenta MysteriesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson as they delve into the latest cosmic stories and uncover the mysteries of the universe. From the fall of a pioneering rocket company to the unexpected movement of the UK's oldest satellite, and the vibrant magenta aurorae over Japan, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and celestial curiosities.Episode Highlights:- Reaction Engines' Setback: Discover the tragic halt in development for the UK company aiming to revolutionise Space travel with their innovative Space plane, Skylon. Learn about the SABRE engine's potential and the financial hurdles that have stalled this groundbreaking project.- Skynet's Mysterious Move: Uncover the curious case of Skynet 1A, the UK's oldest satellite, which has mysteriously shifted its position in orbit. Explore the potential implications of this movement and the historical context of this Cold War era satellite.- Magenta Aurorae Explained: Dive into the world of citizen science as we explore how amateur astronomers helped explain the appearance of magenta aurorae over Japan. Understand the atmospheric conditions and solar activity that led to this rare and beautiful phenomenon.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast for extended commercial free episodes and more. Visit our Support page for options: https://spacenutspodcast.com/about (A great Christmas Present idea...just saying)Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This is Space Nuts where we talk, uh, astronomy and space science02:02 - Company trying to develop rocket motor to get into orbit has run out of money08:11 - Professor Fred Watson says SpaceX's proposed rocket would have been environmentally friendly12:11 - Someone apparently moved UK's oldest satellite, which was launched in 196919:57 - Fred Wa says Americans originally controlled satellite's orbit but RAF eventually took control22:49 - This year has been an astounding year in terms of being able to observe aurora30:35 - Andrew Dunkley: Thanks for your company, Fred✍️ Episode ReferencesReaction Engines[Reaction Engines](https://www.reactionengines.co.uk/)Universe Today[Universe Today](https://www.universetoday.com/)BBC[BBC](https://www.bbc.com/)Optus[Optus](https://www.optus.com.au/)Lockheed Blackbird[Lockheed Blackbird](https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/index.html)SpaceX[SpaceX](https://www.spacex.com/)Phys.org[Phys.org](https://phys.org/)Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 474 Q&A: Cosmic Constellations, Comet Mysteries, and Citizen ScienceJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson as they explore the wonders of the universe in this Q&A edition of Space Nuts. From the shifting constellations as you journey through Space to the enigmatic nature of comets and the age of the universe, this episode is packed with celestial insights and intriguing questions from our audience.Episode Highlights:- Constellations from Afar: Discover how the constellations we know would appear from different vantage points in Space. How far must you travel before the familiar star patterns become unrecognisable?- Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS: Delve into the story of Comet Tsuchinshan-ATLAS, its recent appearance in our skies, and the question of whether it has visited our solar system before. Learn about the signs that indicate a comet's history and its journey from the Oort Cloud.- Age of the Universe: Uncover the methods used to determine the age of the universe, including the role of the Hubble constant and the importance of measuring cosmic distances. How close are we to knowing the exact age?- Citizen Science Opportunities: Explore the world of citizen science and how you can contribute to astronomical discoveries. From asteroid occultations to light curve data, find out how you can be part of the scientific community.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Space Nuts Q and A edition with Professor Fred Watson01:29 - Roger asks how far can you go before constellations start getting disoriented07:45 - Professor Fred and Andrew answer your questions about the Space Nuts podcast09:13 - On the nights I was best able to observe it, it was cloudy10:49 - Could this comet be its first visit into the inner solar system13:47 - How did we measure how old the universe is? Thanks, Fred19:16 - Sandy asks what is the greatest astronomical discovery by a citizen scientist✍️ Episode ReferencesSpace Nuts Podcast[Space Nuts Podcast](https://www.spacenutspodcast.com)New Horizons[New Horizons](https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/main/index.html)Zooniverse[Zooniverse](https://www.zooniverse.org)DreamLab App[DreamLab](https://www.vodafone.com.au/about/news-centre/dreamlab)Unistellar[Unistellar](https://unistellaroptics.com)Galaxy Zoo[Galaxy Zoo](https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/zookeeper/galaxy-zoo)Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts Episode 473: Volcanic Worlds, Vanishing Stars, and Uranus MysteriesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson as they embark on a cosmic journey exploring the fiery phenomena of volcanoes, the curious case of a supernova that wasn't, and the peculiarities of Uranus in this episode of Space Nuts.Episode Highlights:- Volcanic Exoplanets: Discover the latest findings on an exoplanet, L98-59d, which may be volcanically active or even a molten world. Learn how the James Webb Space Telescope has helped uncover the atmospheric signatures indicating volcanic activity.- The Supernova That Never Was: Delve into the enigmatic story of a star in the Andromeda Galaxy that collapsed into a black hole without the typical supernova explosion. Understand the theories behind this rare cosmic event and its implications for black hole formation.- Revisiting Uranus: Re-examine the data from Voyager 2's flyby of Uranus, revealing new insights into the planet's magnetosphere and challenging previous assumptions. Discover how a solar flare might have skewed our understanding of this gas giant.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.If you'd like to help support Space Nuts and join our growing family of insiders, visit spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This episode is dedicated to volcanoes, supernovas that were not01:04 - Icelandic word for double L has two double L's in it02:58 - An exoplanet that scientists think might be volcanic has been discovered10:20 - L98.59D is very close to its parent star12:38 - A supernova that did not happen has turned into a black hole21:22 - Andrew Dunkley says black holes are characterised by very few parameters22:57 - New research on Uranus suggests its magnetic bubble may have been distorted✍️ Episode ReferencesSpace Nuts Podcasthttps://www.bitesz.com/show/space-nuts/Professor Fred Watsonhttps://www.fredwatson.com.au/Eyjafjallajökullhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kullTikTokhttps://www.tiktok.com/Vanuatuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VanuatuDenpasar, Indonesiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DenpasarNASA's TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite)https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satelliteNASA's Kepler Space Telescopehttps://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.htmlJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST)https://www.jwst.nasa.gov/Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Researchhttps://space.mit.edu/Andromeda Galaxy (M31)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_GalaxyPhys.orghttps://phys.org/Cosmos Magazinehttps://cosmosmagazine.com/Voyager 2https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/Linda Spilkerhttps://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/1618/linda-spilker/Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts--2631155/support.

Space Nuts #472 Q&A Edition: Titan's Mysteries and Cosmic CuriositiesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this intriguing Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into the mysteries of our solar system and beyond, addressing questions from their curious audience. From the unique atmosphere of Titan to the hypothetical existence of Planet Nine, this episode is filled with captivating discussions and astronomical insights.Episode Highlights:- Titan's Atmospheric Enigma: Explore the origins of Titan's thick nitrogen atmosphere and its ability to retain it, unlike Mars. Discover the role of comets and organic chemistry in shaping this unique moon's environment.- Tidal Locking Explained: Understand the gravitational phenomenon of tidal locking and why proximity and size matter. Learn about the differences in how natural and man-made satellites maintain their orientation.- Planet Nine Hypothesis: Dive into a speculative theory about Planet Nine and its potential impact on Uranus and Mercury. Discuss the ongoing search for this elusive celestial body.- Triton's Dwarf Planet Status: Uncover the history of Neptune's moon Triton and its possible past as a dwarf planet. Examine the characteristics that make Triton a fascinating world in its own right.- Distinguishing Doppler Effects: Differentiate between Doppler shifts caused by relative motion and the redshift due to the universe's expansion. Explore how these phenomena are used to study cosmic objects.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/supportor visit our Support page for more options: https://spacenutspodcast.com/aboutStay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This is a Q and A episode and we will be doing some homework01:17 - How come Titan can retain an atmosphere when Mars cannot07:23 - Why is tidal locking a function of proximity of bound objects11:00 - Ash Brisbane proposes that Planet Nine once existed on elliptical orbit14:43 - Nigel from Brisbane Australia asks hypothetical question about Neptune's Triton18:59 - Triton may have been formed much further out in the solar system21:17 - Nigel asks where the word asteroid came from23:24 - Fred answers question from Robert McCowan about Doppler effect✍️ Episode ReferencesKelly Millerhttps://www.swri.orgSpace.com articlehttps://www.space.com/saturn-moon-titan-makes-own-atmosphere.html3--- Southwest Research Institutehttps://www.swri.orgiHeartRadiohttps://www.iheart.comApple Podcastshttps://www.apple.com/apple-podcasts/Spotifyhttps://www.spotify.combitesz.comhttps://www.bitesz.com

Space Nuts Episode 471: HERA's Journey and the Light of HealingJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this enlightening episode of Space Nuts, where they explore the latest developments in Space exploration and the fascinating role of light in both astronomy and human healing.Episode Highlights:- HERA Mission Milestones: Discover the latest updates on the HERA mission, including critical trajectory corrections and its upcoming Mars gravity assist. Learn about its objectives, including a close encounter with Mars' moon Deimos, and its ultimate goal of orbiting the asteroid Didymos.- Black Hole Light Echoes: Delve into the intriguing concept of black hole light echoes and how light can be bent by gravity to create multiple observations of the same event. Understand the potential of using Very Long Baseline Interferometry to study these phenomena and what it could reveal about accretion discs.- Healing with Light: Explore the historical and modern uses of light in medicine, from ancient sun worship to contemporary phototherapy treatments. Hear Andrew's personal experience with radiation therapy and the importance of regular health checks.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Andrew Dunkley: Coming up on Space Nuts is the HERA mission02:11 - I'm interested in two different stories about light about the hero mission02:59 - ESA's HERA mission will make a close approach to Mars next year11:07 - Andrew Dunkley and Fred Watson discuss light echoes in Space Nuts13:17 - Measuring Black Hole Light Echoes with Very Long Baseline Interferometry21:42 - Measuring black hole light echoes with very long baseline interferometry22:39 - Even since ancient times, we've used light for medical purposes27:55 - Fred has been receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer for five weeks now34:16 - Professor Fred Watson: Believe me, I'll be around for next episode✍️ Episode ReferencesEuropean Space Agencyhttps://www.esa.intPhys.orghttps://www.phys.orgUniverse Todayhttps://www.universetoday.comAstrophysical Journal Lettershttps://iopscience.iop.org/journal/82055--- The Conversationhttps://theconversation.comCancer Council New South Waleshttps://www.cancercouncil.com.au

Space Nuts Q&A Edition #470 - Universe Enigmas and Titan's MysteriesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they explore the cosmic questions posed by our curious audience. From the mysteries of a universe without black holes to the peculiar atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan, this episode is brimming with fascinating insights and astronomical discussions.Episode Highlights:- Universe Without Dark Matter and Energy: Delve into the possibilities of a universe devoid of dark matter, dark energy, and black holes. Explore the implications for galaxy formation and the cosmic web, and ponder the nature of dark energy's role in the universe's expansion.- Energy Loss and the Universe's Age: Investigate the concept of energy loss in the universe and the methods used to calculate its age. Discover why uranium's half-life isn't the key to unlocking the universe's timeline and how the Hubble constant plays a role.- Early Universe Surprises: Question the surprises of finding ancient cosmic structures in the early universe. Examine how galaxy formation models are continually refined and the potential revelations from the Square Kilometre Array.- Titan's Unique Atmosphere: Unravel the mystery of Titan's dense atmosphere and compare it to Mars' inability to retain one. Consider the possible factors contributing to Titan's atmospheric retention and the role of cryovolcanism.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This is a Q and A edition of Space Nuts01:53 - Dark matter and dark energy are at the forefront of modern day cosmology09:10 - How much of the universe's energy is kind of like gone12:30 - Uranium was created in supernova explosions after the universe was formed13:33 - Using half life of uranium or lithium to calculate age of the universe is sinful15:33 - Ben Harding asks: Should we be surprised that galaxies formed so quickly21:39 - How did Saturn's moon Titan accumulate its thick nitrogen atmosphere26:45 - Andrew Dunkley: Thanks to everyone who's sending questions for Space Nuts

Space Nuts Episode 469: Ryugu Revelations and Celestial MysteriesJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this enthralling episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into the latest astronomical discoveries and cosmic stories. From the secrets of asteroid Ryugu to the mysterious demise of the Arecibo Observatory, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and stellar discussions.Episode Highlights:- Ryugu's Magnetic Mysteries: Uncover new findings from the Ryugu asteroid samples, revealing insights into the magnetic fields of the outer solar system. Explore how these discoveries might reshape our understanding of planetary formation and the solar nebula.- Arecibo's Tragic End: Learn about the sad fate of the iconic Arecibo Observatory and the invisible issues that led to its collapse. Discover the plans for transforming this historic site into an education centre for future generations.- Venusian Impact Crater Discovery: Dive into the intriguing discovery of a massive impact crater on Venus, revealing unexpected similarities with ice moons like Callisto and Europa. Delve into the theories that suggest a past where Venus had a lava-covered surface.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - This is Space Nuts. Thank you for joining us00:35 - Professor Fred Watson discusses Venus on this episode of space nuts02:45 - Russia put 53 satellites into orbit in one launch the other day05:17 - Scientists have found no sign of a preserved magnetic field in Ryugu samples14:36 - Andrew Dunkley with Professor Fred Watson studying Ryugu asteroid sample15:21 - The Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico collapsed in 202023:13 - National Science foundation says the building will be turned into an education centre24:37 - Fred Call says Venus' craters are much younger than similar craters elsewhere32:53 - Yes. Isn't that amazing? That's really big pickup. Indeed. Um, Fred mentioned it. Yeah.33:03 - Please leave a review if you listen to us through whatever platform33:56 - All right, so, yeah, Fred Watson, astronomer at large

This episode is brought to you by Saily. Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily eSIMdata plans! Download Saily app and use code 'spacenuts' at checkout. For more details on what Saily can do for you, visit www.saily.com/spacenutsSpace Nuts Q&A Edition - Episode 468Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this lively Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they dive into a variety of intriguing questions from our audience. From the mysteries of lunar lava tubes to the wonders of black holes and gravitational waves, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and cosmic discussions.Episode Highlights:- Lunar Lava Tubes: Discuss the potential hazards that lunar lava tubes might pose for future moon missions. Explore the implications for astronauts traversing the moon's surface and how NASA might mitigate these risks.- Black Hole Conundrums: Tackle a thought-provoking question about the behaviour of light within a black hole. Discover the complexities of singularities and the fascinating concept of frame dragging in rotating black holes.- Gravitational Waves and Cosmic Expansion: Delve into the nature of gravitational waves and their impact on our understanding of the universe. Learn whether these waves could influence cosmic phenomena like gravitational lensing and the expansion of the universe.- Instatravel Pod Adventure: Imagine a journey to any location in the universe with a hypothetical instatravel pod. Join Andrew and Fred Watson as they share where they would go and why, from viewing the Milky Way from afar to discovering intelligent life on another planet.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.00:00 - Andrew Dunkley answers audience questions on this edition of Space Nuts03:54 - Mikey from Illinois ponders about possible lava tubes on the moon10:02 - Jake from Australia has a question about Black holes14:48 - Would gravitational waves help explain the expansion of the universe17:49 - Do gravitational waves travel as a sphere or do they affect space time22:15 - Fred asks two questions about a unique opportunity to travel in a space pod25:17 - Andrew was asked where he would like to go in the universe31:37 - Andrew Dunkley: Thank you for listening to the Space Nuts podcast

This episode is brought to you by Saily. Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily eSIMdata plans! Download Saily app and use code 'spacenuts' at checkout.Space Nuts Episode: Mars Mysteries and Cosmic FeastsJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this intriguing episode of Space Nuts, where they dive into the latest discoveries and discussions in the realm of astronomy and Space exploration. From mysterious messages from Mars to the insatiable appetite of black holes, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and cosmic wonders.Episode Highlights:- Mars Message Decoded: Explore the story behind a mysterious message sent from Mars in 2023, now decoded by a father-daughter Timms. Discover the artistic and scientific collaboration that led to this unique project and its implications for extraterrestrial communication.- Ancient Mars' Climate Conundrum: Delve into a new study that challenges our understanding of Mars' history. Learn about the planet's carbon dioxide cycle and the possibility of ancient lakes and rivers hidden beneath layers of ice and CO2.- Black Hole's Cosmic Feast: Uncover the staggering discovery of a black hole consuming matter at an unprecedented rate. Understand the implications of this finding for our knowledge of black hole growth in the early universe.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.

This episode is brought to you by Saily. Get an exclusive 15% discount on Saily eSIMdata plans! Download Saily app and use code 'spacenuts' at checkout.Space Nuts Q&A Edition - Episode 466Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this captivating episode of Space Nuts, where they address intriguing questions from our audience. From unexplained spacecraft noises to the mysteries of the Big Bang, this episode is filled with fascinating insights and cosmic discussions.Episode Highlights:- Unexplained Spacecraft Noises: Dive into the mystery of strange noises reported on various spacecraft, including the Boeing Starliner and historical incidents on Space Shuttle Discovery and Shenzhou 5. Explore potential explanations and the quirks of space acoustics.- Challenging the Big Bang Theory: Join the debate as listener Binny shares his scepticism about the Big Bang and proposes an alternative theory involving a massive rotating black hole. Delve into the evidence for the Big Bang and the cosmic microwave background radiation.- Planetary Gyroscopes: Discover what happens if a planet is tilted off its axis and whether it could behave like a giant gyroscope. Learn about gravitational forces and the dynamics of planetary rings, with insights into Saturn and Uranus.- The Electromagnetic Spectrum in Astronomy: Explore the different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and their significance in scientific discoveries. Professor Fred Watson shares his insights on the most interesting and impactful wavelengths, from visible light to the 22-centimetre line of hydrogen.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.

Space Nuts #464Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in an engaging episode of Space Nuts as they explore significant developments in the world of astronomy and Space exploration. From Fred Watson Watson's career transition to groundbreaking lunar missions, this episode is packed with stellar discussions and intriguing insights.Episode Highlights:- The Future of Fred Watson: Discover the next chapter in Fred Watson Watson's illustrious career as he transitions from his role as Australia's Astronomer at Large to a new position in academia. Learn how this change could amplify his influence in advocating for Australian astronomy.- Artemis 3 Landing Sites Announced: NASA has unveiled potential landing sites for the Artemis 3 mission, marking humanity's return to the Moon since 1972. Explore the challenges and scientific potential of these lunar south pole sites.- New Insights from Ryugu: Delve into the latest findings from the asteroid Ryugu, which may hold clues to the origins of life on Earth. Uncover how these samples could reshape our understanding of planetary formation and life's emergence.- Titan's Mysteries Unveiled: Recent studies suggest that Saturn's moon Titan could rewrite planetary science. Learn about the unique features of Titan's surface and what they reveal about its geological history and potential for life.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Instagram, Tumblr, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.Sponsor Links:NordVPN - www.bitesz.com/nordvpn - get our special deal...save big!Old Glory - www.bitesz.com/oldglory - Music, Sports and Official NASA Merch.

Space Nuts Q&A EditionJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this engaging Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they tackle fascinating questions from our audience. From the cosmic mysteries of dark matter to the practicalities of Space communication, this episode is filled with intriguing insights and stellar discussions.Episode Highlights:- Dark Matter and the Cosmic Web: Explore how dark matter interacts with the cosmic web and the gravitational forces that shape our universe. Fred Watson Watson unravels the complex relationship between galaxies and dark matter, shedding light on this cosmic conundrum.- Synchronising Spacecraft Communication: Discover how we maintain communication with distant spacecraft as they traverse the cosmos. Learn about the challenges of signal delays, gravitational influences, and the ingenious solutions that keep us connected to our spacefarers.- Asteroid Belts Beyond Mars: Uncover the mysteries of asteroid belts beyond the familiar one between Mars and Jupiter. Delve into the Kuiper Belt and the Oort Cloud, exploring their significance and the icy bodies that inhabit these distant regions.- The Future of Space Wheels: Contemplate the possibility of building a Von Braun wheel or a space station with artificial gravity. Fred Watson Watson discusses the engineering challenges and potential benefits of these futuristic structures.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Tumblr,  Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.

Space Nuts #463Join Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in this intriguing episode of Space Nuts, where they delve into the latest cosmic discoveries and Space industry updates. From the origins of meteorites to the mysteries of brown dwarfs, and the environmental impact of SpaceX's prolific launches, this episode is packed with fascinating insights and stellar discussions.Episode Highlights:- Meteorite Origins Uncovered: Discover how scientists have traced the origins of 70% of known meteorites to just three significant events in recent history. Explore the detective work that led to these revelations and what it tells us about our solar system.- Brown Dwarfs Mystery Solved: Delve into the 30-year mystery of a brown dwarf that turned out to be two. Learn how this discovery reshapes our understanding of these celestial objects and their place in the universe.- SpaceX's Environmental Impact: Unpack the good news and the challenges facing SpaceX, from their record-breaking launch schedule to the environmental concerns raised by satellite re-entry and rocket emissions.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Instagram, Tumblr and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.

This episode is brought to you with the support of NordVPN. For our special Black Friday deal complete with 30 day money back guarantee, visit www.nordvpn.com/spacenuts. Space Nuts #462 Q&A EditionJoin Andrew Dunkley and Professor Fred Watson in another enlightening Q&A episode of Space Nuts, where they tackle intriguing questions from listeners around the globe. From the perplexing nature of dark matter and dark energy to the possibility of interferometry using Space and ground-based telescopes, this episode is packed with cosmic curiosities and insightful discussions.Episode Highlights:- Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Solar System: Trent from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, questions why dark matter and dark energy, which comprise 96% of the universe, are not factored into the movements of our solar system. Fred Watson Watson explains the scale and influence of these mysterious forces.- Interferometry with Space Telescopes: Bo from Victoria wonders if it's theoretically possible to perform interferometry using Space telescopes like Hubble and James Webb, combined with ground-based telescopes. Explore the current limitations and future possibilities of this technology.- The Mystery of Gravitons: Vincent questions the existence of gravitons and their potential to form self-propagating waves. Delve into the intersection of quantum theory and relativity as Fred Watson Watson discusses this theoretical particle.- Biblical Floods and Astronomical Events: Christopher from Bayville, North Carolina, inquires about the possibility of biblical floods being linked to astronomical events. Discover the fascinating connections between historical events and cosmic phenomena.For more Space Nuts, including our continually updating newsfeed and to listen to all our episodes, visit our website at www.spacenutspodcast.com. Follow us on social media at SpaceNutsPod on facebook, X, YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok. We love engaging with our community, so be sure to drop us a message or comment on your favourite platform.For more Space and Astronomy News Podcasts, visit our HQ at www.bitesz.com.Become a supporter of this podcast: https://www.spreaker.com/podcast/space-nuts/support.Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.