The revolution that wrought Russia's transformation into a market-based economy, induced a monetary crisis. A series of economic shocks produced the Russian Financial Crisis of 1998, that sent the Ruble tumbling and paved the way for the rise of Vladimir Putin.

The Bank of England's Independence was wrought after a succession of crises, most notably that of the ERM in 1992 - known as Black Wednesday. The aftermath resulted in the incoming 'New Labour' government reforming the Bank of England, rendering it independent of government policy.

The Flash Crash of 2010 often goes under the radar as a major financial crash. Within 15 minutes, $1 trillion of value was wiped out during a sudden shock that began in the S&P 500 Futures market.

Iceland oversaw a remarkable financial crisis during the late 2000s. With the three largest banks comprising a colossal size of the Icelandic economy, the reverberations from the US and UK sub-prime crises hit the Icelandic economy more than most.

India's economy has witnessed a rapid economic transformation over the past few decades. Beginning in 1991 with a wave of economic liberalisation, successive governments have unlocked India's economic potential through supply-side reforms, with a particular focus on infrastructure and boosting FDI flows.

The Asian Financial Crisis wrought havoc on much of South-East Asian during the late 1990s. What started in Thailand began to affect neighbouring economies, resulting in slowing investment and precipitated economic reforms.

The 1970s oversaw a turbulent period in US history. Huge inflationary pressures coupled with overly tight monetary policies produced stagflation, coinciding with the rise of monetarism and alternative approaches to economic management. Paul Volcker exemplified this - becoming the Chairman of the Federal Reserve and enacting policies that came to be known as the Volcker Shock.

The Panic of 1907 was one of the first of its kind. Preceded by turbulence in insurance markets, the panic grew to encompass the entire US financial system. Given the reliance on the private sector to ameliorate economic conditions at the time, the crisis proved pivotal in the establishment of one of the most influential financial institutions today.

The British East India Company played a pivotal role in the UK's rise as a global leader. From supporting the government's imperial ambitions to promoting trade and wealth accumulation domestically, the British East India Company set the foundations for the Industrial Revolution that followed, alongside the establishing of the British Raj.

Monetary policy in the UK & US has changed drastically over the past decade or so. The financial crisis ushered in an unprecedented amount of stimulus, only to be followed up by a gradual tightening in the late 2010s. The pandemic brought about similarly loose policies, only to be followed by the most aggressive tightening cycle in recent history.

The Polish economy has overseen remarkable economic growth and progress over past decades. Thanks to a series of market-friendly economic policies, with political stability under successive right-leaning political parties since its independence from Soviet control in the early 1990s, a wave of economic confidence and subsequent investment has propelled Poland to becoming one of the strongest economies in the EU.

Japan was left devastated by WW2. Through prudent supply-side policies, Japan reversed its misfortunes. It oversaw rapid economic growth and success, driven by its innovative private sector, culminating in what remains one of the largest economies in the world still to this day.

The Dot-com bubble oversaw rampant speculation in US tech markets. What began in the 1980s as the biggest revolution since the industrial revolution with the rise of the internet and other technologies seeped into financial markets, resulting in one of the biggest financial bubbles in history.

Jeremy Hunt delivered his Autumn Statement against the backdrop of weak economic data; the OBR revised down its growth projections for the UK economy, even given the recent stagnation of past years. Hunt's response to this was further tax cuts and welfare reforms; whilst a step in the right direction, these

The rise of ESG & Green Investing has revolutionised financial markets over the past decade. As corporate responsibility continues to evolve, reaching stakeholders across the global economy, I explore the reasons behind this growth and what the future holds.

Starmer's likely incoming Labour government offers a different alternative to the Conservatives compared to his predecessor, Jeremy Corbyn. After bringing the Labour Party closer to the centre-ground of British politics, Starmer's agenda looks remarkably similar to that of Rishi Sunak - a UK economy faced with ever-higher taxes.

Austerity measures were controversially introduced in the aftermath of the financial crisis and Great Recession of 2008 across most of Europe and Western nations. While the specific policies different amongst countries, the overall goal and approach remained consistent - curbing the budget deficit through fiscal restraint. Were these policies required by financial markets at the time or purely a neoliberal ideological project?

Climate change represents one of the existentual threats to humanity. Utilising economic policy to produce incentive structures to reduce greenhouse emissions is critical to limiting global warming, through policies such as carbon taxes, cap and trade schemes, alongside more targeted subsidy frameworks.

The UK has overseen a sharp rise in house prices over the past three decades, relative to median incomes. Starting under Thatcher, this trend accelerated sharply under Blair, with house prices gradually rising under successive Conservative governments since 2010. Drastic housing reforms are needed to resolve this, addressing both supply and demand-side pressures that left unresolved, will continue to deeply widen wealth inequality in the UK.

As one of the most famous IPOs in history, Facebook became a public-listed company in May 2012, raising capital to fund to its investments into new technologies. I explore the reasons behind the IPO, the alternatives, and why Facebook's IPO wasn't initially a roaring success as many had anticipated.